constructor

A constructor is a special kind of class member function that is executed when an object of that class is instantiated. Constructors are typically used to initialize member variables of the class to appropriate default values, or to allow the user to easily initialize those member variables to whatever values are desired.

Unlike normal functions, constructors have specific rules for how they must be named:
1) Constructors should always have the same name as the class (with the same capitalization)
2) Constructors have no return type (not even void)

A constructor that takes no parameters (or has all optional parameters) is called a default constructor.


We are going to implement Exforsys including a constructor: 

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

class Exforsys
{
   private:
  int a;
public:

Exforsys()
                  { }
                  Exforsys(int w)
                 {
              a=w;
                 }
           Exforsys(Exforsys& e)
            {
              a=e.a;
            cout << " Example of Copy Constructor\n";
               }

    void result()
{

cout<< a;    }
};



void main()
{
clrscr();
    Exforsys e1(50);

    Exforsys e3(e1);

    cout<< "ne3=";e3.result();
getch();
}



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Constructors and destructors

Objects generally need to initialize variables or assign dynamic memory during their process of creation to become operative and to avoid returning unexpected values during their execution. For example, what would happen if in the previous example we called the member function area() before having called function set_values()? Probably we would have gotten an undetermined result since the members x and y would have never been assigned a value.

In order to avoid that, a class can include a special function called constructor, which is automatically called whenever a new object of this class is created. This constructor function must have the same name as the class, and cannot have any return type; not even void.

We are going to implement CRectangle including a constructor: 

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// example: class constructor #include <iostream> using namespace std; class CRectangle { int width, height; public: CRectangle (int,int); int area () {return (width*height);} }; CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) { width = a; height = b; } int main () { CRectangle rect (3,4); CRectangle rectb (5,6); cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl; cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl; return 0; }

rect area: 12 rectb area: 30

As you can see, the result of this example is identical to the previous one. But now we have removed the member function set_values(), and have included instead a constructor that performs a similar action: it initializes the values of width and height with the parameters that are passed to it.

Notice how these arguments are passed to the constructor at the moment at which the objects of this class are created:

1 2	CRectangle rect (3,4); CRectangle rectb (5,6);

Constructors cannot be called explicitly as if they were regular member functions. They are only executed when a new object of that class is created.

You can also see how neither the constructor prototype declaration (within the class) nor the latter constructor definition include a return value; not even void.

The destructor fulfills the opposite functionality. It is automatically called when an object is destroyed, either because its scope of existence has finished (for example, if it was defined as a local object within a function and the function ends) or because it is an object dynamically assigned and it is released using the operator delete.

The destructor must have the same name as the class, but preceded with a tilde sign (~) and it must also return no value.

The use of destructors is especially suitable when an object assigns dynamic memory during its lifetime and at the moment of being destroyed we want to release the memory that the object was allocated.

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// example on constructors and destructors #include <iostream> using namespace std; class CRectangle { int *width, *height; public: CRectangle (int,int); ~CRectangle (); int area () {return (*width * *height);} }; CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) { width = new int; height = new int; *width = a; *height = b; } CRectangle::~CRectangle () { delete width; delete height; } int main () { CRectangle rect (3,4), rectb (5,6); cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl; cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl; return 0; }

rect area: 12 rectb area: 30

Overloading Constructors

Like any other function, a constructor can also be overloaded with more than one function that have the same name but different types or number of parameters. Remember that for overloaded functions the compiler will call the one whose parameters match the arguments used in the function call. In the case of constructors, which are automatically called when an object is created, the one executed is the one that matches the arguments passed on the object declaration:

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// overloading class constructors #include <iostream> using namespace std; class CRectangle { int width, height; public: CRectangle (); CRectangle (int,int); int area (void) {return (width*height);} }; CRectangle::CRectangle () { width = 5; height = 5; } CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) { width = a; height = b; } int main () { CRectangle rect (3,4); CRectangle rectb; cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl; cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl; return 0; }

rect area: 12 rectb area: 25

In this case, rectb was declared without any arguments, so it has been initialized with the constructor that has no parameters, which initializes both width and height with a value of 5. 

Important: Notice how if we declare a new object and we want to use its default constructor (the one without parameters), we do not include parentheses ():

1 2	CRectangle rectb; // right CRectangle rectb(); // wrong!

Default constructor

If you do not declare any constructors in a class definition, the compiler assumes the class to have a default constructor with no arguments. Therefore, after declaring a class like this one:

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class CExample { public: int a,b,c; void multiply (int n, int m) { a=n; b=m; c=a*b; } };

The compiler assumes that CExample has a default constructor, so you can declare objects of this class by simply declaring them without any arguments:

CExample ex;

But as soon as you declare your own constructor for a class, the compiler no longer provides an implicit default constructor. So you have to declare all objects of that class according to the constructor prototypes you defined for the class:

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class CExample { public: int a,b,c; CExample (int n, int m) { a=n; b=m; }; void multiply () { c=a*b; }; };

Here we have declared a constructor that takes two parameters of type int. Therefore the following object declaration would be correct:

CExample ex (2,3);

But,

CExample ex;

Would not be correct, since we have declared the class to have an explicit constructor, thus replacing the default constructor.

But the compiler not only creates a default constructor for you if you do not specify your own. It provides three special member functions in total that are implicitly declared if you do not declare your own. These are the copy constructor, the copy assignment operator, and the default destructor.

The copy constructor and the copy assignment operator copy all the data contained in another object to the data members of the current object. For CExample, the copy constructor implicitly declared by the compiler would be something similar to:

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CExample::CExample (const CExample& rv) { a=rv.a; b=rv.b; c=rv.c; }

Therefore, the two following object declarations would be correct:

1 2	CExample ex (2,3); CExample ex2 (ex); // copy constructor (data copied from ex)

Difference between member function and a constructor?

Constructors get automatically invoked when its class object is created; whereas method has to be explicitly called.

Constructors need to be have the same name whereas function need not to be the same.

There is no return type given in a constructor signature (header). The value is this object itself so there is no need to indicate a return value.

There is no return statement in the body of the constructor.

The first line of a constructor must either be a call on another constructor in the same class (using this), or a call on the superclass constructor (using super). If the first line is neither of there, the compiler automatically inserts a call to the parameterless super class constructor.